Lists

Lists in Acton are ordered mutable sequences, similar to a to-do list where items have a specific order. Lists can only contain values of one type at a time due to Acton's static type system.

Think of a list like a row of boxes, where each box can hold one item. All boxes must hold the same type of thing - you can't mix apples and hammers!

Creating Lists

Create a list with initial values	`fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]`
Create an empty list - type will be inferred when you add the first item	`numbers = []`

Lists in Acton are implemented as dynamic arrays with amortized O(1) append operations. The underlying storage grows geometrically to maintain performance characteristics.

Basic Operations

Create a list and add items	`l = ["foo", "foo"] l.append("bar") l.insert(0, "Firsty") l.append("banana")`
Access items by index (counting starts at 0)	`# Indexing starts at 0 print("First item: " + l[0]) # First item: Firsty # Negative index counts from the end print("Last item : " + l[-1]) # Last item : banana`
Print the entire list - must convert to string first	`# Note: explicitly cast list to str before printing print("List items: " + str(l)) # List items: ['Firsty', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'banana']`
Get a slice of the list	`# [start:stop] where start is inclusive, stop is exclusive print("A slice : " + str(l[2:4])) # A slice : ['foo', 'bar']`

Common mistake: Remember that indexing starts at 0, not 1! So the first item is at position 0, the second at position 1, and so on.

Slicing: The slice l[start:stop] includes the item at start but excludes the item at stop. This is the same behavior as Python.

Modifying Lists

Add items to the end - O(1) amortized time	`l.append("new item")`
Insert at a specific position - O(n) time complexity	`l.insert(0, "first") # 0 = first position`
Remove and return an item	`print("Pop first item:", l.pop(0)) # Pop first item: Firsty print("Pop last item:", l.pop(-1)) # Pop last item: banana print("List items:", str(l)) # List items: ['foo', 'foo', 'bar']`
Extend a list with another list	`l.extend(["apple", "orange"]) print("List items:", str(l)) # List items: ['foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'apple', 'orange']`

List Utilities

Sort a list (returns a new list)	`unsorted_list = [9, 5, 123, 14, 1] sl = sorted(unsorted_list) print("Sorted list", str(sl)) # Sorted list [1, 5, 9, 14, 123]`
Reverse a list in-place	`l.reverse() print("Reversed:", l) # Reversed: ['orange', 'apple', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo']`
Copy a list - creates a shallow copy	`l2 = l.copy() print("Copy:", l2) # Copy: ['orange', 'apple', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo']`
Clear all items from a list	`l.clear() print("List after clear:", str(l)) # List after clear: [] env.exit(0)`

Performance characteristics:

append() - O(1) amortized (may occasionally resize)
insert() - O(n) as elements need to be shifted
pop() - O(1) for last element, O(n) for arbitrary index
extend() - O(k) where k is the length of the added list
reverse() - O(n) in-place operation
copy() - O(n) creates new list

List Comprehensions

List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists based on existing sequences or ranges. They're like a recipe for making a new list from an existing one!

List comprehensions might look complex at first, but they follow a simple pattern: [expression for item in sequence] - "give me expression for each item in sequence"

Create a list of squares (multiply each number by itself)

squares = [x * x for x in range(5)]
# Result: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]

Filter with a condition

evens = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
# Result: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]

Multiple iterators (cartesian product)

pairs = [(x, y) for x in range(3) for y in range(2)]
# Result: [(0,0), (0,1), (1,0), (1,1), (2,0), (2,1)]

Advanced Comprehensions

Nested list comprehension

matrix = [[i * j for i in range(4)] for j in range(3)]
print("Matrix:")
for row in matrix:
    print("  ", row)
# Matrix:
#    [0, 0, 0, 0]
#    [0, 1, 2, 3]
#    [0, 2, 4, 6]

Transform existing list

words = ["hello", "world", "acton"]
lengths = [len(w) for w in words]
print("Word lengths:", lengths)        # Word lengths: [5, 5, 5]

Filter and transform

long_caps = [w.upper() for w in words if len(w) > 4]
print("Long words in caps:", long_caps)
# Long words in caps: ['HELLO', 'WORLD', 'ACTON']

Performance tip: When using multiple iterators with filtering, place filters as early as possible:

# Good - filters early, reduces iterations
result = [x + y for x in big_list if condition(x) for y in small_list]

# Bad - filters late, wastes computation
result = [x + y for x in big_list for y in small_list if condition(x)]

Type Safety

All items in a list must be of the same type. Mixing types like ["foo", 1] will result in a compiler error.

Valid: homogeneous list	`strings = ["foo", "bar", "baz"] numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]`
Invalid: mixed types	`# This will not compile! mixed = ["foo", 1, True]`

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